1) Give a
brief explanations about their policy and invention for each oh them:
- Herman William Daendels
- Thomas Stamford Raffles
- Van Den Bosch
- Multatuli
- Conrad Theodore van Deventer
- Van der Cappellen
- Willem Janssen
2) Use picture
in your explanations!
3) Have to
use English
Answer:
1.Herman William Daendels
Policy - Kebijakn Herman William Deandels
1 ) . Perform Physical Development
a. Build a weapons factory .
b . Build a fortress .
c . Attract the natives to become soldiers .
d . Build a naval base in Anyer and Ujung Kulon .
e . Build highways Anyer ( Banten ) to Panarukan ( East Java ) along 1,000 km , which became known as the "Highway Daendels " .
The history of colonization in Indonesia Daendels
Daendels attempt to embody all the physical development activities forcing the Indonesian people for forced labor or forced labor , so many Indonesian people are victims and died kelehahan , famine , plague and disease .
2 ) . Conducting Economic Development
a. Agricultural tax levy of the people ( contingenten ) .
b . Selling state land to foreign private parties .
c . Requiring people to grow coffee Priangan ( Preanger stelsel ) .
d . Obliging indigenous people to sell their produce only to the Netherlands with low prices ( verplichte leverentie ) .
Some of the steps taken Daendels received sharp criticism , both from the people of Indonesia and the Dutch parliament . Daendels criticized because they have committed atrocities and irregularities in the form of state-owned land sold to private parties . Finally , in 1811 , Herman Willem Daendels was replaced by the Governor -General Janssens .
History of Herman William Deandels
Herman Willem Daendels
Meester in de Rechten Herman Willem Daendels (born in Hattem, October 21, 1762 - died in Ghana, May 2, 1818 at the age of 55 years), is a Dutch politician who was Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies 36th. He ruled between 1808-1811. That time the Netherlands were occupied by the French.
AdulthoodIn 1780 and 1787 he participated in the collection of the Dutch rebels and then fled to France. There he witnessed up close the French Revolution and then joined the republican forces Batavia. Finally he reached the rank of General and in 1795 he entered the Netherlands and entered the army with the rank of Lieutenant Batavia Republican-General. As head of the Unitarian, he took care of the formulation of the Constitution of the Netherlands the first. He even intervened militarily twice. But the British and Russian invasion in the province of Noord-Holland is bad for him. He is considered to be less responsive and attacked by various parties. Eventually he was disappointed and resigned from the army in 1800. He decided to move to Heerde, Gelderland.
Career
In 1806 he was summoned by the King of Holland, King Louis (Koning Lodewijk) returned to serve in the Dutch army. He was assigned to defend the province of Friesland danGroningen Prussian attack. Then after a successful, on January 28, 1807 at the suggestion of the Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, he was sent to the Dutch East Indies as Governor-General.
Daendels in the Dutch East Indies
So after a long journey through the Canary Islands, Daendels arrived in Batavia on January 5, 1808 and replaced the Governor-General Albertus Wiese. Daendels was assigned primarily to protect Java from attack British troops. Java is the only Dutch-French colonies who have not fallen into British hands after the Isle de France and Mauritius on tahun1807. However, some times the British fleet had appeared in northern waters even in the Java Sea near Batavia. In 1800, the British fleet had blockaded Batavia and destroy the Dutch shipyard on the island of Onrust so it does not work anymore. In 1806, a small British fleet under Admiral Pellew appear in Gresik. After a brief siege, the Dutch military leaders, Von Franquemont decided not to give in to Pellew. Pellew ultimatum to land in Surabaya did not materialize, but before leaving Java Pellew demanded Dutch to dismantle all defense cannon in Gresik and granted. When he heard this, Daendels realize that the French-Dutch forces in Java will not be able to face the British fleet strength. So she began to carry out their duties immediately. Dutch soldiers filled it with native people, he membangunrumah hospitals and military barracks recently. In Surabaya, he built a weapons factory, he built a factory in Semarang and Batavia cannon he built a military school. Castle in Batavia destroyed and replaced with a fortress in Meester Cornelis (now Djatinegara). Built Fort Lodewijk in Surabaya. The main project, the Post Road, as well as the actual construction of military benefits, that is to commercialize its troops to move quickly.
Against the kings of Java , he acts tough , but less strategically so they hold a grudge to him . In the eyes of Daendels , all kings shall recognize indigenous Dutch king as his lord and ask for her protection . Starting from this concept , Daendels change the official Dutch position in the court of Solo and Yogya palace of a resident minister . Ministers no longer act as the official representative of the king of the Netherlands but as his representative in the Netherlands and also Javanese court . Therefore Daendels make regulations concerning the treatment of Javanese kings to the Minister in kratonnya . If at the time of the VOC Dutch residents are treated the same as local authorities facing the Javanese kings , to sit on the floor and offered betel as a mark of respect to the king of Java , Minister no longer worthy to be treated as such . Minister entitled to sit level with the king , wearing an umbrella like a king , do not need to open the cap or offering betel to the king , and to be welcomed by the king to stand up from his throne when the Minister comes in the palace . When meeting with the king in the middle of the road , the Minister does not have to get off the train but the train window open enough and the train may cross paths with the king . Although in Surakarta Sunan Pakubowono IVmenerima this provision , in Yogyakarta lane II would not accept it . Daendels had to use pressure to Sultan Yogya willing to enforce the rules in the hearts of the two kings it.But it still does not receive the treatment Daendels this . So when the British came , they , together with the king of " betraying" the Dutch .In contrast to what people believe as long as this , during the reign indeed Daendels ordered the construction of roads in Java, but it is not done until Panarukan dariAnyer . Between Anyer and Batavia roads already exist when Daendels arrived . Therefore, according to van het Nederlandsch Indie Plakaatboek vol 14 , Daendels began to build a road from Buitenzorg towards Cisarua and so on up to Sumedang.Pembangunan began in May 1808 . In Sumedang , this road project is constrained by natural conditions is difficult because it consists of sandstone rocks , consequently the workers refused to carry out the project and ultimately the construction of the traffic . Pangeran Kornel finally intervened and directly facing Daendels to ask for understanding the refusal of the workers . When knowing this , Daendels ordered the engineer commander Brigadier General von Lutzow to overcome . Thanks artillery , hills flattened and development padas successfully forwarded to Karangsambung . Until Karangsambung , project development work was carried out with the wages . The district was ordered to prepare indigenous labor and a certain amount each paid 10 cents per day per person and plus rice and salt rations every week .
Arriving in Karangsambung in June 1808, thirty thousand guilders funds provided Daendels to pay for labor is exhausted and to her surprise , no more funds to finance the road construction project . When Daendels visit to Semarang in mid- July 1808 , he invited all the governors of the northern coast of Java . Daendels at the meeting said that the road project should be continued because the interests of the welfare of the people ( HW Daendels , Staat van Nederlandsch Indische Bezittingen Gouverneur Generaal van onder bestuur en Marschalk HW Daendels 1808-1811 , ' s Gravenhage , 1814 ) . The district was ordered to provide employment consequences of these workers are exempt from the obligation to work for the district but devotes his energies to build roads . Meanwhile, the district must provide for their food needs . All these projects will be supervised by the regional prefect , head of the VOC resident replacement . From the results of the deal, the road construction project passed from Karangsambung to Cirebon . In August 1808 the road was up in Pekalongan . Actual road linking Surabaya to existing Pekalongan , because in 1806 the Governor of the Northeast Coast of Java Nicolaas Engelhard has been used to bring the Madura troops in order to quell the rebellion Good Rangin in Cirebon ( Indische Tijdschrift , 1850 ) . So Daendels only widen . But he was ordered opening of the road from Surabaya to Panarukan as the export port in East Java at the end of it .Controversy going on about the construction of this road . At the time of Daendels many Dutch officials in whose hearts do not like the French , but remained loyal to the Oranje dynasty who fled to England . But they could not do much because of opposition to Daendels mean dismissal and detention . It 's received some officials such as Prediger ( Resident Manado ) , Nicolaas Engelhard ( Governor of the Northeast Coast of Java ) and Nederburgh ( former head of Hooge Regeering ) . They were fired is then returned to Europe and through information sent from other officials who secretly oppose Daendels ( such as Yogya Minister Peter Engelhard , F. Waterloo Prefect Cirebon , F. Rothenbuhler , Governor of East Java Edge ) , they wrote ugliness Daendels . Among their writings are highway construction projects undertaken with forced labor and ask a lot of casualties. Actually, they themselves are not in Java when the road construction project was made . This is evident from the mention of the construction of the road between Anyer and Panarukan , when Daendels made starting from Buitenzorg . Too bad their archives more widely found and stored in the archives of the Netherlands , while the data reported by Daendels or officials loyal to him ( like JA van Braam , Minister Surakarta ) can not be found unless stored in France since Daendels report all performance of its duties to Napoleon after the removal of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1810 . Indonesia, which many historians rely on information from the archives of the Netherlands participated made a mistake by accepting the reality of road construction between Anyer - Panarukan through forced labor .Another controversy regarding the construction of this road was never mention the benefits derived from the road by historians and Daendels opponents . After the road construction project is completed , the results of the interior Priangan coffee products more that transported to the port of Cirebon and Indramayu whereas before it did not happen and product rot in warehouses coffee Sumedang , Limbangan , Cisarua and Sukabumi . So also with this way , the distance between Surabaya - Batavia previously taken 40 days could be shortened to 7 days . This is very useful for sending a letter by Daendels then managed in dinaspos .On the other hand it is said that Daendels mebuat bureaucracy to be more efficient and reduce corruption . But he himself was accused of corruption and self-enrichment . Finally he was called back by the French and the power should be handed over to Jan Willem Janssens , as decided by Napoleon 's return Bonaparte.Pemanggilan considered by Napoleon himself . In the framework of the Russian invasion , Napoleon was a general need reliable and the choice fell to Daendels . In the pride of the French army corps ( Grande Armee ) , there is unity of the Foreign Legion ( Legion Estranger ) consisting of unified support from allied kings of France . Among these are the forces of the Duke of Wurtemberg which consists of three divisions ( approximately 30 thousand troops ) . Army is very well known as a Wurtemberg troops brave , clever fight but is difficult to control because of their background as a mercenary in the period before the conquest by the French . Napoleon entrusted to Daendels unity and was awarded the rank of Colonel General .When he arrived in Paris from his travels in Batavia , Daendels greeted by Napoleon himself in the palace Tuiliries the red carpet . There he was given instructions to lead the unity of Wurtemberg and are involved in the invasion of Russia on June 22, 1812 .
Power H.W. Daendels in Java (1808 - 1811)
In early January 1795, Napoleon conquered the Netherlands without significant resistance. King Willem V fled and hid in Kew, a small town in England. In place of Willem V, Napoleon sat his brother, Louis Bonaparte, on the throne of the kingdom of the Netherlands. Soon he ordered in anticipation of the British attack on the colonies. There are three main target of the attack England; Cape of Good Hope, Java and Maluku islands. The third place is in the British naval blockade. Napoleon had sent two military for that purpose. General Jan Willem Janssen was sent to the Cape of Good Hope in 1803 and Marshall Herman Willem Daendels to Java in 1808.
Map of Batavia in the Age of Daendels.
H.W. Daendels was a Dutch general , an admirer of Napoleon and Jacobis . He led the unsuccessful fight against the royal Oranje in 1787 . After his failure , he fled to France . He returned to the Netherlands , in 1795 , with the French attack . Since then , the Dutch engaged in a European war on the side of France . 1797, Daendels led 30,000 troops in the Texel Dutch , who were waiting for the British invasion in the naval battle of Camperdown . 1799, he was virtually a prisoner of war in battle Helder .
In the early 1800s , Britain and France concentrated its war power in the region India and Egypt . Unexpectedly Cape of Good Hope as a strategic port can be mastered English in 1806 , Java is in a position threatened . Java requires a new governor - general to strengthen military defenses . For that reason , Napoleon does not trust officials Asiatic Council , Dirk van Hogendorp , a liberal who is nominated as governor -general . So the choice fell on Daendels .
Daendels journey through Cadix , Tanger , the Canary Islands and New York . With the American -flagged merchant ship , Daendels arrived in Batavia in January 1808 . America is a neutral country that was not involved in the European war . His arrival alone use pseudonyms van Vlierden ( named after his wife ) to the vessel , the blockade is meant to trick the British warships . His arrival in Batavia , he was immediately faced with the financial situation and poor administration . Corruption makes the VOC went bankrupt . More trading profits into the pockets of VOC officials . Dutch troops in Java strength not more than 2,000 people with low skills and discipline .At the same time the Dutch mastered by the French , the VOC was dissolved . Herren XVII ( council consists of 17 members of the Dutch employers ) dispensed . Instead , the entire Dutch colony directly under the control of the Dutch kingdom and administered by the ministry of colonies ( the Dutch colonial government in the archipelago to master Java , Palembang , Makassar and Maluku , the rest is held by the British ) . The direct effect of the change is a matter of setting financial autonomy and the formation of the armed forces .As soon as he set foot in Weltevreden , Daendels replace the Dutch flag in front of the governor's office with French flag . No one dared employees react to his actions . Similarly, when he issued a rule that prohibited the colonial government employees to give and receive gifts from indigenous authorities . Any errors will be dealt with harshly and did not escape rebuke with a very loud voice . Hobbies snapped and earned her a thunderous voice calls mas mas thunder and fierce . Standing in the observance of the employees , he built and the number of troops in a pretty impressive organization . His force consisted of the Dutch people and the indigenous . He stopped the use of Javanese in his core troops and replace them with people of Madura , Makassar , Bali , Ambon and slaves from other colonies . Rank system in European military organization applied also in the native troops . They receive training , rank , rations , uniforms , weapons and also wages . In two years , he managed to form a force of 20,000 men consisting of five divisions ; mobile division , three divisions of the city ( Batavia , Semarang , and Surabaya ) and defense divisions outside Java . He set his army corps in France and change the style of many commercial industries into the military industry , such as factories in Gresik and Semarang into weapons transformed into producing gunpowder .As part of a military project , Daendels also build military installations such as military port in Surabaya and the fort at Mester Cornelis and a main road from Anyer to Panarukan . Previously , only the path is known by locals and even then always accompanied by slashing the forest . Prefer the use of the trade route along the north coast waterways .Difficulty landline it does have the attention of the colonial as manifested by Francois Tombe . Tombe was a French officer sent by Daendels two years before his arrival . His job is to create a map of the strait of Bali . Unfortunately , he was stranded in Banyuwangi and then decided to take a trip to Surabaya . The journey took six months .Daendels of the many projects over the next three years of his leadership , making the main road Anyer - Panarukan is the most impact . Even beyond that envisioned him as facilities that speed up troop mobility ( the power of the sea , the UK had the possibility to land anywhere along the north coast of Java . Therefore , impossible for Daendels to keep an eye on . For him , the most important is to build infantry troops with greater mobility to anticipate further infiltration of the British troops ) . Has not earned the right time when the road construction begins . It's just that , along with the construction of roads , he also founded the postal and telegraph services which later became the name of the road Anyer - Panarukan , Groote Postweg ( highway heading ) . Recorded in 1810 Daendels had purchased 200 horses - conveyance post - which signifies the Anyer - Panarukan has been completed . In this year he also revive the newspaper has previously been published and die , Bataviasche Koloniale Courant . This newspaper continues to rise until the end of colonial rule in Indonesia.Groote Postweg be made within a period of approximately one year . Making force in the local native rulers , who skipped the road , to mobilize people in the census area . Distance traveled by Groote Postweg is about 800 miles . In the distance , rest house built 12 , 126 to the train station , 51 stations for replacement of post horses , all of them founded on the responsibility of the local district . According to a report obtained by Raffles , making the roads claimed some 10,000 people . In the English - French war situation in the archipelago , all activities Daendels monitored by British intelligence affairs bureau , based in Penang .February 1808 , Du Fuy the Sultan of Banten to ask workers to work on the road and making the military port in Merak . Sultan of Banten which clashed with the colonial government since the days of VOC refused . He saw the war between England and France gives a chance for him to rebel forces especially Daendels deemed not quite ready to face the battle . For that reason , he killed Du Fuy and kill all the small garrison colonial government in Banten . For his actions , immediately Daendels send 1,000 troops they lead directly . Banten sultanate capitulated Daendels even while sitting on the throne said , " I'm the king of Bantam " . Banten sultanate was then removed and he sent his brother to be a resident there ( Later on he rehabilitate Banten sultanate and decide who sits on the throne . Banten not completely safe from disruption due to frequent rebellion aided by the British . )As adherents jacobism , Daendels destroy the power of Javanese kings . After Banten , he tried to overcome the sultanate of Yogyakarta . Mangkunagara II in Surakarta has decided to cooperate with the Dutch . On the orders of Daendels in 1808 , received the rank of colonel Mangkunagara II and formed the Legion consisted of 1,150 soldiers Mangkunagara and got help ryksdaalders 10,000 per year . Meanwhile , brother -in-law Sultan Hamengkubuwana II , Raden Rangga launched a rebellion on Daendels secretly received support from Sultan Hamengkubuwana II . With 3,200 troops , Daendels to tackle insurgency . Rangga Prince Sultan was killed and Hamengkubuwana II dethroned and replaced by the crown prince . Top of defiance , the two princes , and Natadiningrat Natakusuma , sent to prison Cirebon .Towards the end of his term , Daendels face many problems . Leadership journey has built a wall of resentment among both the Dutch and the Natives . Some tribes that are members of his troops defected and refused to fight at his side . Could not be ascertained whether it had something to do with the activities of British intelligence .Large projects Daendels costly . While the financial situation gets worse . British blockade led to the loss of revenue from trade . Even for the currency , must spend assigant Daendels ( paper currency used in France ) as a replacement for copper currency that the material had to be imported . The only income that is earned from the tax ( tax imposed on the sale of goods , toll roads , sale and leasing of land , gambling , opium houses and many more . ) , Assigant printing , and sale of such land . Examples of such land sales that took place in the Besuki region and Panarukan to Captain Chinese in Surabaya , Han Chan Pit . Recently he sold the land area of Besuki and Panarukan in Probolinggo to relatives Pit Han Chan , Han Ki Ko .At the time of Daendels , he moved the administrative capital from Batavia to Weltevreden and move residence from Batavia to Buitenzorg ( Bogor ) . With his salary , 130,000 guilders , he bought land Buitenzorg to government and built a magnificent palace for himself the Bogor Palace . Soil around the palace sold back to the Chinese businessmen and sold back to the government palace . By the time going to be replaced by W. Janssens , Daendels sell his palace . For the sale, he gets hit 900,000 guilders . On 27 April 1811 , W. Janssens came accompanied by a French major general , Jumel . Daendels was replaced and sent home immediately . As a prisoner .August 4, 1811 60 British warships appeared in Batavia . August 26 the whole area around Batavia can be mastered . Janssens survive in Semarang with legions of troops assisted Mangkunagara Yogyakarta and Surakarta . 18 September 1811 , Janssens surrendered in Salatiga .
2.Thomas Stamford Raffles
Lieutenant Governor , the head of government in Java . Born in Jamaica , July 5, 1781 , a constitutional expert and scholar . After the British victory over the French , the power of the Indonesian archipelago was moved to the British . Britain in 1811 lifted Stamfford Thomas Raffles as Lieutenant Governor . But Raffles and his administration did little to change the face of the City of Batavia and Weltevreden , which at the time Daendels already pretty well developed plan . Financial crisis continuously during British rule in Java , making Raffles powerless to overcome a bad situation in Batavia he criticizes . Even with his landrente add even more misery residents especially resident of Batavia Java , especially bumiputera groups .Its share of the cultural history reflected in Islands of Java in his book History of Java . Arts institutions and knowledge Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen , which was founded during the reign of Governor -General Jeremias van Riemsdijk (1775-1777) in 1776 , thanks to the more advanced Raffles encouragement . He also who pioneered the establishment of the museum and library in Batavia . In the British army officer who frequently appears repertory performances at the Comedy Bamboo . On December 7, 1821, at the former Bamboo House Comedy , Theatre inaugurated the New Market ( Schouwburg ) . Later became City Theatre and the last of the Arts .Government Raffles years 1811-1816 based on liberal principles , by replacing the traditional - feudal system with a system based on the principle legalrasional , so Raffles referred to as a reformer and opponent of feudalism . The implementation of liberal doctrine , the legal equality and economic freedom . Characteristic of this reign is the land tax . Raffles also use humanitarian principles , which should liberate the people from extortion rulers , besides that , security , justice and education should be guaranteed . He also wanted to emancipate the slaves . Effort does is to issue Proclamatie van in May 1812 , and Proclamatie van December , 1815, banned the import of slaves to the Overseas Territories as well as the Java and Java Benevolent Institution established in 1816 . So that during the reign of Raffles , a decline in the number of slaves . Significant regulation of Raffles , in addition to the land tax division also Java to 18 residency . This division applies to independent Indonesia .In connection with the rule of law , Raffles warned raad van Justitie , that use profanity of judicial power is inappropriate actions of an institution that should provide legal protection to the public . Raffles acknowledge that Daendels brought about a perubahanke direction of the court open to the public . To overcome financial difficulties , Raffles mimic the action . Daendels to withdraw the circulation of paper money , which sold the land around Priangan , Krawang , Semarang , and Surabaya to the public . On January 25 , 1813, land sales officially started . Later that day the land had been purchased by the Kongsi Sukabumi Four ( Raffles , Nicolaas Engelhard , Audries de Wilde , and Thomas Macquoid ) at a price of 371,000 ringgit banknotes .
Thomas Stanford Raffles policy:
~Rafles manghapus forced labor system and replace with ground rent system also called land rent
~Prohibits slavery
~Compiled a book of knowledge, called History of Java
~Find a monster flower called Rafflesia Arnoldi
Thomas Stanford Raffles policy policy is to lead to the prosperity of the people.
1.Herman William Daendels
Policy - Kebijakn Herman William Deandels
1 ) . Perform Physical Development
a. Build a weapons factory .
b . Build a fortress .
c . Attract the natives to become soldiers .
d . Build a naval base in Anyer and Ujung Kulon .
e . Build highways Anyer ( Banten ) to Panarukan ( East Java ) along 1,000 km , which became known as the "Highway Daendels " .
The history of colonization in Indonesia Daendels
Daendels attempt to embody all the physical development activities forcing the Indonesian people for forced labor or forced labor , so many Indonesian people are victims and died kelehahan , famine , plague and disease .
2 ) . Conducting Economic Development
a. Agricultural tax levy of the people ( contingenten ) .
b . Selling state land to foreign private parties .
c . Requiring people to grow coffee Priangan ( Preanger stelsel ) .
d . Obliging indigenous people to sell their produce only to the Netherlands with low prices ( verplichte leverentie ) .
Some of the steps taken Daendels received sharp criticism , both from the people of Indonesia and the Dutch parliament . Daendels criticized because they have committed atrocities and irregularities in the form of state-owned land sold to private parties . Finally , in 1811 , Herman Willem Daendels was replaced by the Governor -General Janssens .
History of Herman William Deandels
Herman Willem Daendels
Meester in de Rechten Herman Willem Daendels (born in Hattem, October 21, 1762 - died in Ghana, May 2, 1818 at the age of 55 years), is a Dutch politician who was Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies 36th. He ruled between 1808-1811. That time the Netherlands were occupied by the French.
AdulthoodIn 1780 and 1787 he participated in the collection of the Dutch rebels and then fled to France. There he witnessed up close the French Revolution and then joined the republican forces Batavia. Finally he reached the rank of General and in 1795 he entered the Netherlands and entered the army with the rank of Lieutenant Batavia Republican-General. As head of the Unitarian, he took care of the formulation of the Constitution of the Netherlands the first. He even intervened militarily twice. But the British and Russian invasion in the province of Noord-Holland is bad for him. He is considered to be less responsive and attacked by various parties. Eventually he was disappointed and resigned from the army in 1800. He decided to move to Heerde, Gelderland.
Career
In 1806 he was summoned by the King of Holland, King Louis (Koning Lodewijk) returned to serve in the Dutch army. He was assigned to defend the province of Friesland danGroningen Prussian attack. Then after a successful, on January 28, 1807 at the suggestion of the Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, he was sent to the Dutch East Indies as Governor-General.
Daendels in the Dutch East Indies
So after a long journey through the Canary Islands, Daendels arrived in Batavia on January 5, 1808 and replaced the Governor-General Albertus Wiese. Daendels was assigned primarily to protect Java from attack British troops. Java is the only Dutch-French colonies who have not fallen into British hands after the Isle de France and Mauritius on tahun1807. However, some times the British fleet had appeared in northern waters even in the Java Sea near Batavia. In 1800, the British fleet had blockaded Batavia and destroy the Dutch shipyard on the island of Onrust so it does not work anymore. In 1806, a small British fleet under Admiral Pellew appear in Gresik. After a brief siege, the Dutch military leaders, Von Franquemont decided not to give in to Pellew. Pellew ultimatum to land in Surabaya did not materialize, but before leaving Java Pellew demanded Dutch to dismantle all defense cannon in Gresik and granted. When he heard this, Daendels realize that the French-Dutch forces in Java will not be able to face the British fleet strength. So she began to carry out their duties immediately. Dutch soldiers filled it with native people, he membangunrumah hospitals and military barracks recently. In Surabaya, he built a weapons factory, he built a factory in Semarang and Batavia cannon he built a military school. Castle in Batavia destroyed and replaced with a fortress in Meester Cornelis (now Djatinegara). Built Fort Lodewijk in Surabaya. The main project, the Post Road, as well as the actual construction of military benefits, that is to commercialize its troops to move quickly.
Against the kings of Java , he acts tough , but less strategically so they hold a grudge to him . In the eyes of Daendels , all kings shall recognize indigenous Dutch king as his lord and ask for her protection . Starting from this concept , Daendels change the official Dutch position in the court of Solo and Yogya palace of a resident minister . Ministers no longer act as the official representative of the king of the Netherlands but as his representative in the Netherlands and also Javanese court . Therefore Daendels make regulations concerning the treatment of Javanese kings to the Minister in kratonnya . If at the time of the VOC Dutch residents are treated the same as local authorities facing the Javanese kings , to sit on the floor and offered betel as a mark of respect to the king of Java , Minister no longer worthy to be treated as such . Minister entitled to sit level with the king , wearing an umbrella like a king , do not need to open the cap or offering betel to the king , and to be welcomed by the king to stand up from his throne when the Minister comes in the palace . When meeting with the king in the middle of the road , the Minister does not have to get off the train but the train window open enough and the train may cross paths with the king . Although in Surakarta Sunan Pakubowono IVmenerima this provision , in Yogyakarta lane II would not accept it . Daendels had to use pressure to Sultan Yogya willing to enforce the rules in the hearts of the two kings it.But it still does not receive the treatment Daendels this . So when the British came , they , together with the king of " betraying" the Dutch .In contrast to what people believe as long as this , during the reign indeed Daendels ordered the construction of roads in Java, but it is not done until Panarukan dariAnyer . Between Anyer and Batavia roads already exist when Daendels arrived . Therefore, according to van het Nederlandsch Indie Plakaatboek vol 14 , Daendels began to build a road from Buitenzorg towards Cisarua and so on up to Sumedang.Pembangunan began in May 1808 . In Sumedang , this road project is constrained by natural conditions is difficult because it consists of sandstone rocks , consequently the workers refused to carry out the project and ultimately the construction of the traffic . Pangeran Kornel finally intervened and directly facing Daendels to ask for understanding the refusal of the workers . When knowing this , Daendels ordered the engineer commander Brigadier General von Lutzow to overcome . Thanks artillery , hills flattened and development padas successfully forwarded to Karangsambung . Until Karangsambung , project development work was carried out with the wages . The district was ordered to prepare indigenous labor and a certain amount each paid 10 cents per day per person and plus rice and salt rations every week .
Arriving in Karangsambung in June 1808, thirty thousand guilders funds provided Daendels to pay for labor is exhausted and to her surprise , no more funds to finance the road construction project . When Daendels visit to Semarang in mid- July 1808 , he invited all the governors of the northern coast of Java . Daendels at the meeting said that the road project should be continued because the interests of the welfare of the people ( HW Daendels , Staat van Nederlandsch Indische Bezittingen Gouverneur Generaal van onder bestuur en Marschalk HW Daendels 1808-1811 , ' s Gravenhage , 1814 ) . The district was ordered to provide employment consequences of these workers are exempt from the obligation to work for the district but devotes his energies to build roads . Meanwhile, the district must provide for their food needs . All these projects will be supervised by the regional prefect , head of the VOC resident replacement . From the results of the deal, the road construction project passed from Karangsambung to Cirebon . In August 1808 the road was up in Pekalongan . Actual road linking Surabaya to existing Pekalongan , because in 1806 the Governor of the Northeast Coast of Java Nicolaas Engelhard has been used to bring the Madura troops in order to quell the rebellion Good Rangin in Cirebon ( Indische Tijdschrift , 1850 ) . So Daendels only widen . But he was ordered opening of the road from Surabaya to Panarukan as the export port in East Java at the end of it .Controversy going on about the construction of this road . At the time of Daendels many Dutch officials in whose hearts do not like the French , but remained loyal to the Oranje dynasty who fled to England . But they could not do much because of opposition to Daendels mean dismissal and detention . It 's received some officials such as Prediger ( Resident Manado ) , Nicolaas Engelhard ( Governor of the Northeast Coast of Java ) and Nederburgh ( former head of Hooge Regeering ) . They were fired is then returned to Europe and through information sent from other officials who secretly oppose Daendels ( such as Yogya Minister Peter Engelhard , F. Waterloo Prefect Cirebon , F. Rothenbuhler , Governor of East Java Edge ) , they wrote ugliness Daendels . Among their writings are highway construction projects undertaken with forced labor and ask a lot of casualties. Actually, they themselves are not in Java when the road construction project was made . This is evident from the mention of the construction of the road between Anyer and Panarukan , when Daendels made starting from Buitenzorg . Too bad their archives more widely found and stored in the archives of the Netherlands , while the data reported by Daendels or officials loyal to him ( like JA van Braam , Minister Surakarta ) can not be found unless stored in France since Daendels report all performance of its duties to Napoleon after the removal of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1810 . Indonesia, which many historians rely on information from the archives of the Netherlands participated made a mistake by accepting the reality of road construction between Anyer - Panarukan through forced labor .Another controversy regarding the construction of this road was never mention the benefits derived from the road by historians and Daendels opponents . After the road construction project is completed , the results of the interior Priangan coffee products more that transported to the port of Cirebon and Indramayu whereas before it did not happen and product rot in warehouses coffee Sumedang , Limbangan , Cisarua and Sukabumi . So also with this way , the distance between Surabaya - Batavia previously taken 40 days could be shortened to 7 days . This is very useful for sending a letter by Daendels then managed in dinaspos .On the other hand it is said that Daendels mebuat bureaucracy to be more efficient and reduce corruption . But he himself was accused of corruption and self-enrichment . Finally he was called back by the French and the power should be handed over to Jan Willem Janssens , as decided by Napoleon 's return Bonaparte.Pemanggilan considered by Napoleon himself . In the framework of the Russian invasion , Napoleon was a general need reliable and the choice fell to Daendels . In the pride of the French army corps ( Grande Armee ) , there is unity of the Foreign Legion ( Legion Estranger ) consisting of unified support from allied kings of France . Among these are the forces of the Duke of Wurtemberg which consists of three divisions ( approximately 30 thousand troops ) . Army is very well known as a Wurtemberg troops brave , clever fight but is difficult to control because of their background as a mercenary in the period before the conquest by the French . Napoleon entrusted to Daendels unity and was awarded the rank of Colonel General .When he arrived in Paris from his travels in Batavia , Daendels greeted by Napoleon himself in the palace Tuiliries the red carpet . There he was given instructions to lead the unity of Wurtemberg and are involved in the invasion of Russia on June 22, 1812 .
Power H.W. Daendels in Java (1808 - 1811)
In early January 1795, Napoleon conquered the Netherlands without significant resistance. King Willem V fled and hid in Kew, a small town in England. In place of Willem V, Napoleon sat his brother, Louis Bonaparte, on the throne of the kingdom of the Netherlands. Soon he ordered in anticipation of the British attack on the colonies. There are three main target of the attack England; Cape of Good Hope, Java and Maluku islands. The third place is in the British naval blockade. Napoleon had sent two military for that purpose. General Jan Willem Janssen was sent to the Cape of Good Hope in 1803 and Marshall Herman Willem Daendels to Java in 1808.
Map of Batavia in the Age of Daendels.
H.W. Daendels was a Dutch general , an admirer of Napoleon and Jacobis . He led the unsuccessful fight against the royal Oranje in 1787 . After his failure , he fled to France . He returned to the Netherlands , in 1795 , with the French attack . Since then , the Dutch engaged in a European war on the side of France . 1797, Daendels led 30,000 troops in the Texel Dutch , who were waiting for the British invasion in the naval battle of Camperdown . 1799, he was virtually a prisoner of war in battle Helder .
In the early 1800s , Britain and France concentrated its war power in the region India and Egypt . Unexpectedly Cape of Good Hope as a strategic port can be mastered English in 1806 , Java is in a position threatened . Java requires a new governor - general to strengthen military defenses . For that reason , Napoleon does not trust officials Asiatic Council , Dirk van Hogendorp , a liberal who is nominated as governor -general . So the choice fell on Daendels .
Daendels journey through Cadix , Tanger , the Canary Islands and New York . With the American -flagged merchant ship , Daendels arrived in Batavia in January 1808 . America is a neutral country that was not involved in the European war . His arrival alone use pseudonyms van Vlierden ( named after his wife ) to the vessel , the blockade is meant to trick the British warships . His arrival in Batavia , he was immediately faced with the financial situation and poor administration . Corruption makes the VOC went bankrupt . More trading profits into the pockets of VOC officials . Dutch troops in Java strength not more than 2,000 people with low skills and discipline .At the same time the Dutch mastered by the French , the VOC was dissolved . Herren XVII ( council consists of 17 members of the Dutch employers ) dispensed . Instead , the entire Dutch colony directly under the control of the Dutch kingdom and administered by the ministry of colonies ( the Dutch colonial government in the archipelago to master Java , Palembang , Makassar and Maluku , the rest is held by the British ) . The direct effect of the change is a matter of setting financial autonomy and the formation of the armed forces .As soon as he set foot in Weltevreden , Daendels replace the Dutch flag in front of the governor's office with French flag . No one dared employees react to his actions . Similarly, when he issued a rule that prohibited the colonial government employees to give and receive gifts from indigenous authorities . Any errors will be dealt with harshly and did not escape rebuke with a very loud voice . Hobbies snapped and earned her a thunderous voice calls mas mas thunder and fierce . Standing in the observance of the employees , he built and the number of troops in a pretty impressive organization . His force consisted of the Dutch people and the indigenous . He stopped the use of Javanese in his core troops and replace them with people of Madura , Makassar , Bali , Ambon and slaves from other colonies . Rank system in European military organization applied also in the native troops . They receive training , rank , rations , uniforms , weapons and also wages . In two years , he managed to form a force of 20,000 men consisting of five divisions ; mobile division , three divisions of the city ( Batavia , Semarang , and Surabaya ) and defense divisions outside Java . He set his army corps in France and change the style of many commercial industries into the military industry , such as factories in Gresik and Semarang into weapons transformed into producing gunpowder .As part of a military project , Daendels also build military installations such as military port in Surabaya and the fort at Mester Cornelis and a main road from Anyer to Panarukan . Previously , only the path is known by locals and even then always accompanied by slashing the forest . Prefer the use of the trade route along the north coast waterways .Difficulty landline it does have the attention of the colonial as manifested by Francois Tombe . Tombe was a French officer sent by Daendels two years before his arrival . His job is to create a map of the strait of Bali . Unfortunately , he was stranded in Banyuwangi and then decided to take a trip to Surabaya . The journey took six months .Daendels of the many projects over the next three years of his leadership , making the main road Anyer - Panarukan is the most impact . Even beyond that envisioned him as facilities that speed up troop mobility ( the power of the sea , the UK had the possibility to land anywhere along the north coast of Java . Therefore , impossible for Daendels to keep an eye on . For him , the most important is to build infantry troops with greater mobility to anticipate further infiltration of the British troops ) . Has not earned the right time when the road construction begins . It's just that , along with the construction of roads , he also founded the postal and telegraph services which later became the name of the road Anyer - Panarukan , Groote Postweg ( highway heading ) . Recorded in 1810 Daendels had purchased 200 horses - conveyance post - which signifies the Anyer - Panarukan has been completed . In this year he also revive the newspaper has previously been published and die , Bataviasche Koloniale Courant . This newspaper continues to rise until the end of colonial rule in Indonesia.Groote Postweg be made within a period of approximately one year . Making force in the local native rulers , who skipped the road , to mobilize people in the census area . Distance traveled by Groote Postweg is about 800 miles . In the distance , rest house built 12 , 126 to the train station , 51 stations for replacement of post horses , all of them founded on the responsibility of the local district . According to a report obtained by Raffles , making the roads claimed some 10,000 people . In the English - French war situation in the archipelago , all activities Daendels monitored by British intelligence affairs bureau , based in Penang .February 1808 , Du Fuy the Sultan of Banten to ask workers to work on the road and making the military port in Merak . Sultan of Banten which clashed with the colonial government since the days of VOC refused . He saw the war between England and France gives a chance for him to rebel forces especially Daendels deemed not quite ready to face the battle . For that reason , he killed Du Fuy and kill all the small garrison colonial government in Banten . For his actions , immediately Daendels send 1,000 troops they lead directly . Banten sultanate capitulated Daendels even while sitting on the throne said , " I'm the king of Bantam " . Banten sultanate was then removed and he sent his brother to be a resident there ( Later on he rehabilitate Banten sultanate and decide who sits on the throne . Banten not completely safe from disruption due to frequent rebellion aided by the British . )As adherents jacobism , Daendels destroy the power of Javanese kings . After Banten , he tried to overcome the sultanate of Yogyakarta . Mangkunagara II in Surakarta has decided to cooperate with the Dutch . On the orders of Daendels in 1808 , received the rank of colonel Mangkunagara II and formed the Legion consisted of 1,150 soldiers Mangkunagara and got help ryksdaalders 10,000 per year . Meanwhile , brother -in-law Sultan Hamengkubuwana II , Raden Rangga launched a rebellion on Daendels secretly received support from Sultan Hamengkubuwana II . With 3,200 troops , Daendels to tackle insurgency . Rangga Prince Sultan was killed and Hamengkubuwana II dethroned and replaced by the crown prince . Top of defiance , the two princes , and Natadiningrat Natakusuma , sent to prison Cirebon .Towards the end of his term , Daendels face many problems . Leadership journey has built a wall of resentment among both the Dutch and the Natives . Some tribes that are members of his troops defected and refused to fight at his side . Could not be ascertained whether it had something to do with the activities of British intelligence .Large projects Daendels costly . While the financial situation gets worse . British blockade led to the loss of revenue from trade . Even for the currency , must spend assigant Daendels ( paper currency used in France ) as a replacement for copper currency that the material had to be imported . The only income that is earned from the tax ( tax imposed on the sale of goods , toll roads , sale and leasing of land , gambling , opium houses and many more . ) , Assigant printing , and sale of such land . Examples of such land sales that took place in the Besuki region and Panarukan to Captain Chinese in Surabaya , Han Chan Pit . Recently he sold the land area of Besuki and Panarukan in Probolinggo to relatives Pit Han Chan , Han Ki Ko .At the time of Daendels , he moved the administrative capital from Batavia to Weltevreden and move residence from Batavia to Buitenzorg ( Bogor ) . With his salary , 130,000 guilders , he bought land Buitenzorg to government and built a magnificent palace for himself the Bogor Palace . Soil around the palace sold back to the Chinese businessmen and sold back to the government palace . By the time going to be replaced by W. Janssens , Daendels sell his palace . For the sale, he gets hit 900,000 guilders . On 27 April 1811 , W. Janssens came accompanied by a French major general , Jumel . Daendels was replaced and sent home immediately . As a prisoner .August 4, 1811 60 British warships appeared in Batavia . August 26 the whole area around Batavia can be mastered . Janssens survive in Semarang with legions of troops assisted Mangkunagara Yogyakarta and Surakarta . 18 September 1811 , Janssens surrendered in Salatiga .
2.Thomas Stamford Raffles
Lieutenant Governor , the head of government in Java . Born in Jamaica , July 5, 1781 , a constitutional expert and scholar . After the British victory over the French , the power of the Indonesian archipelago was moved to the British . Britain in 1811 lifted Stamfford Thomas Raffles as Lieutenant Governor . But Raffles and his administration did little to change the face of the City of Batavia and Weltevreden , which at the time Daendels already pretty well developed plan . Financial crisis continuously during British rule in Java , making Raffles powerless to overcome a bad situation in Batavia he criticizes . Even with his landrente add even more misery residents especially resident of Batavia Java , especially bumiputera groups .Its share of the cultural history reflected in Islands of Java in his book History of Java . Arts institutions and knowledge Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen , which was founded during the reign of Governor -General Jeremias van Riemsdijk (1775-1777) in 1776 , thanks to the more advanced Raffles encouragement . He also who pioneered the establishment of the museum and library in Batavia . In the British army officer who frequently appears repertory performances at the Comedy Bamboo . On December 7, 1821, at the former Bamboo House Comedy , Theatre inaugurated the New Market ( Schouwburg ) . Later became City Theatre and the last of the Arts .Government Raffles years 1811-1816 based on liberal principles , by replacing the traditional - feudal system with a system based on the principle legalrasional , so Raffles referred to as a reformer and opponent of feudalism . The implementation of liberal doctrine , the legal equality and economic freedom . Characteristic of this reign is the land tax . Raffles also use humanitarian principles , which should liberate the people from extortion rulers , besides that , security , justice and education should be guaranteed . He also wanted to emancipate the slaves . Effort does is to issue Proclamatie van in May 1812 , and Proclamatie van December , 1815, banned the import of slaves to the Overseas Territories as well as the Java and Java Benevolent Institution established in 1816 . So that during the reign of Raffles , a decline in the number of slaves . Significant regulation of Raffles , in addition to the land tax division also Java to 18 residency . This division applies to independent Indonesia .In connection with the rule of law , Raffles warned raad van Justitie , that use profanity of judicial power is inappropriate actions of an institution that should provide legal protection to the public . Raffles acknowledge that Daendels brought about a perubahanke direction of the court open to the public . To overcome financial difficulties , Raffles mimic the action . Daendels to withdraw the circulation of paper money , which sold the land around Priangan , Krawang , Semarang , and Surabaya to the public . On January 25 , 1813, land sales officially started . Later that day the land had been purchased by the Kongsi Sukabumi Four ( Raffles , Nicolaas Engelhard , Audries de Wilde , and Thomas Macquoid ) at a price of 371,000 ringgit banknotes .
Thomas Stanford Raffles policy:
~Rafles manghapus forced labor system and replace with ground rent system also called land rent
~Prohibits slavery
~Compiled a book of knowledge, called History of Java
~Find a monster flower called Rafflesia Arnoldi
Thomas Stanford Raffles policy policy is to lead to the prosperity of the people.
3.Van Den Bosch
Policies Van Den BoschFarmers are required to plant export crops, with prices
Dutch authorities established
Van Der policy Cappelen
To promote agriculture and education, he founded
"The Department of Agriculture, Arts, and Sciences for Java"
in charge of promoting agriculture through public education and
professional and research in the field biologistinitiatiefnemer van de Maatschappij van Weldadigheid, is geboren te Herwijnen op 2 februari 1780 en overleden op zijn landgoed Boschlust nabij Den Haag op 28 januari 1844. Hij was de zoon van Johannes van den Bosch, chirurgijn en eigenaar steenfabriek, en Adriana Poningh. Op 2 september 1804 trad hij in het huwelijk met Catharina Lucretia de Sandol Roy, met wie hij vier dochters en drie zonen kreeg. Na haar overlijden op 10 februari 1814 hertrouwde hij op 28 oktober 1823 met Rudolphina Wilhelmina Elizabeth de Sturler, met wie hij twee zonen kreeg. Koning Willem I verhief Van den Bosch en zijn kinderen in 1835 in de adelstand met de erfelijke titel van baron en in 1839 met de titel van graaf.
Van
den Bosch begon zijn loopbaan in 1797 in het leger van de Bataafse
Republiek als luitenant der genie en werd op eigen verzoek in 1798
uitgezonden naar Batavia. Het Nederlandse koloniale gezag in de
Indonesische archipel was beperkt. De nadruk had tot dan gelegen op
handhaving van het handelsbelang. Als adjudant verbleef Van den Bosch in
de nabijheid van de opeenvolgende gouverneurs-generaal en was hij nauw
betrokken bij het begin van de overgang van handelskolonialisme naar
territoriale koloniale expansie. Zijn kennis hierover publiceerde hij in
de Atlas der overzeesche bezittingen van zijne majesteit den koning der Nederlanden: aan hoogst den zelven aangeboden (Den Haag 1817), die behoorde bij zijn grote, tweedelige overzichtswerk Nederlandsche
bezittingen in Azia, Amerika en Afrika, in derzelver toestand en
aangelegenheid voor dit rijk, wijsgeerig, staatshuishoudkundig en
geographisch beschouwd, met bijvoeging der noodige tabellen, en eenen
atlas nieuwe kaarten (Den Haag 1818). In zijn vrije tijd wijdde Van
den Bosch zich bovendien aan daadwerkelijke drainage en landontginning
in de ommelanden van Batavia met inzet van slaven en vrije boeren. In
1808 raakte hij in conflict met de nieuwe gouverneur-generaal H.W.
Daendels. Hij kreeg eervol ontslag uit de dienst met de rang van
kolonel, legde zich toe op zijn landerijen, maar in 1810 stuurde
Daendels hem met zijn gezin terug naar Europa. Onderweg namen de
Engelsen hem gevangen. In 1813, nog voor de bevrijding van de Fransen,
was hij echter al terug in Nederland. Tussen 1813 en 1815 maakte hij
zich daar verdienstelijk bij de vestiging van het gezag van koning
Willem I, met wie hij de volgende kwart eeuw doortastend zou samenwerken
bij de opbouw van Nederland als moderne Europese en koloniale natie.
Hij steeg verder in militaire rang en bracht het tot generaal-majoor.
Maar in 1819 werd hij op eigen verzoek op non-actief gesteld, teneinde
zijn plannen met de in 1818 opgerichte Maatschappij van Weldadigheid te
kunnen uitvoeren. De oprichting van de Maatschappij geschiedde door een
select gezelschap onder auspiciën van prins Frederik, de zoon van de
koning. Van den Bosch bracht de bedoelingen ervan onder woorden in de
brochure Verhandeling over de mogelijkheid, de beste wijze van
invoering en de belangrijkste voordelen eener algemeene armeninrigting
in het rijk der Nederlanden, door het vestigen eener landbouwende
kolonie in deszelfs Noordelijke gedeelte (Amsterdam 1818). Hij wees
op het gevaar dat de (kerkelijke) bedeling een groeiende groep armen
afhield van arbeid, terwijl arbeid het enige middel was om armoede te
bestrijden. Landarbeid was daarvoor in het bijzonder geschikt en met
ontginning van de 'woeste' gronden in Drenthe zouden twee vliegen in één
klap geslagen worden. De armen leerden gedisciplineerd voor zichzelf te
zorgen en het Nederlandse landbouwareaal nam in omvang toe. Aan dit
koloniale ideaal werd, in navolging van de onderwijspedagoog J.H.
Pestalozzi, een opvoedingsstrategie voor verweesde of gederailleerde
jeugd verbonden, gericht op contact met 'de akker' en met buitenlucht.
Lichamelijke oefening gold als voorwaarde voor een evenwichtige
geestelijke ontwikkeing. De Maatschappij van Weldadigheid stichtte in
Drenthe de 'vrije' koloniën Frederiksoord, Willemsoord en Wilhelminaoord
en de gestichten Ommerschans en Veenhuizen. Vele steden werkten mee aan
het onderbrengen van 'hun' armen. Ondanks alle idealen is er weinig
terecht gekomen van Van den Bosch' uitgangspunt van verheffing van de
armen door hen op te voeden tot arbeidzame boeren. Zij die een
boerenbedrijf toegewezen kregen, begonnen met een enorme schuld aan de
Maatschappij, die ze geacht werden met hun eigen landbouwopbrengsten
gaandeweg in te lossen, tot ze vrije boer zouden zijn. Het lukte maar
weinigen om uit de spiraal van schulden, betutteling, gedwongen
winkelnering, degradatie en straf te ontsnappen. Van den Bosch had zijn
militaire contacten en nauwe relatie met de koning gebruikt om middels
fondsenwerving onder particulieren een draagvlak te realiseren voor het
opzetten van de koloniën. De Maatschappij gaf een blad uit, De Star,
en stelde in tal van steden commissies in met leden, honorair leden en
corresponderende leden, die geld bijeenbrachten ter ondersteuning van de
koloniën. Ook vanuit de Oost en de West meldden zich contribuanten aan.
De betere kringen beschouwden steun aan het initiatief als een concrete
bijdrage aan de opbouw van Nederland, dat na de Franse bezetting voor
het eerst een eenheidsstaat vormde. Maar er was van meet af aan ook
kritiek. Isaac da Costa fulmineerde in zijn Bezwaren tegen de geest van de eeuw
(1823) tegen particuliere 'weldadigheid' buiten kerkelijke kaders:
'voor vijftig of zestig stuivers 's jaars kan ieder, die maar wil, een
weldadig en verlicht menschenvriend heeten, en niemand aarzelt een zoo
fraaien koop te sluiten'. Ook uit meer verlichte hoek kwamen bezwaren.
Van den Bosch maakte zich geen illusies over de geneigdheid van mensen
tot hard werken en baseerde het dagelijks regime in de koloniën en
gestichten op discipline en tucht: 'Ik meen te mogen aannemen dat de
grondslag van allen arbeid, boven en behalve dien welken de
onmiddellijke vervulling der dierlijke behoeften vordert, het gevolg is
van dwang', stelde hij in 1829. Die dwang ging de utopisch socialist
Robert Owen, geïnteresseerd in het experiment van de landbouwkoloniën
met het oog op eigen Quaker-nederzettingen in Amerika, te ver. 'De
generaal schijnt over zeer onbeperkte macht te beschikken', schreef hij
tijdens een studiereis in 1824 over Van den Bosch. Hij prees echter
diens betrokkenheid bij het ideaal van verheffing der armen en deelde
diens uitgangspunt dat verbetering van de fysieke toestand van de armen
een voorwaarde was voor mentale en morele verbetering. Van den Bosch
heeft zich alleen in de beginjaren met hart en ziel aan dit project
kunnen wijden. Hij vestigde zich in Frederiksoord en werkte hard aan de
realisatie van de koloniën zonder de overzeese koloniën uit het oog te
verliezen. In 1825 werd hij buitengewoon lid van de Commissie tot de
Zaken der Protestantsche Kerk in Nêerlands Oost- en West-Indië.
In 1827 haalde de koning Van den Bosch weg bij de Maatschappij van Weldadigheid, teneinde als commissaris-generaal de bestuurlijke controle vanuit Nederland over Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen te herstellen. In december 1827 arriveerde Van den Bosch op Curaçao. Na een tocht langs de andere eilanden kwam hij in april 1828 in Suriname aan. In augustus 1828 voer hij terug naar Nederland. In die acht maanden nam hij een aantal (weinig effectief gebleken) initiatieven inzake de handel en het bankwezen, gericht op vergroting van de economische bedrijvigheid en armslag van de koloniën. Het belangrijkst waren zijn pogingen in te grijpen in de verlopen bestuurlijke en sociale verhoudingen in Suriname, waarbij de kwestie van slavernij een voorname rol speelde. Van den Bosch had in 1818 in zijn Nederlandse bezittingen betoogd dat het verbod op slavenhandel een gunstig effect zou hebben op de levensomstandigheden van slaven, doordat men voorzichtiger met hen zou zijn, hen minder wreed zou behandelen en minder zwaar zou belasten. Ook zag hij een economisch gunstig effect. Om orde op zaken te kunnen stellen introduceerde Van den Bosch in juli 1828 in Suriname een 137 artikelen tellend Reglement op het beleid der regeering van de Nederlandsch West-Indische bezittingen (gedateerd 21 juli 1828). Het reglement verbond het bestuur van de kolonie expliciet aan de Nederlandse grondwet, stipuleerde gelijke burgerrechten voor alle vrijen, ongeacht godsdienst of kleur (artikel 116) en stelde dat de in Nederland geldende verordeningen over het armenwezen, onderwijs en kerkelijke zaken ook in de West-Indische bezittingen vorm moesten krijgen (artikel 111). Ten aanzien van het stelsel van slavernij als zodanig nam Van den Bosch een gematigd standpunt in, al greep hij het reglement aan om ook de positie van de slaven te verbeteren. Zo werd in artikel 117 bepaald dat slaven 'in rechten' niet langer als zaken zouden worden beschouwd maar als personen. Als mens verhielden slaven zich tot hun eigenaars als een onmondige tot een curator / voogd, die gemachtigd was vaderlijke tucht uit te oefenen. De overheid werd geacht misbruik en mishandeling van slaven tegen te gaan en de eigenaars hadden de plicht hun voeding, kleding en werktijden te verbeteren (artikelen 115 en 118). Zij kon echter niet verhinderen dat onwillige planters artikel 117 in 1832 weer afschaften. Van den Bosch' reglement werd geformuleerd in een periode, waarin vooral in Engeland de slavernij onder toenemende openbare kritiek kwam te staan. Daarbij kritiseerden J.G. Stedman en later C.E. Lefroy ook het gedrag van de slavenhoudende en bestuurlijke elite in Suriname. Van den Bosch aanvaardde het beschermheerschap van een Surinaamse Maatschappij van Weldadigheid, een initiatief uit kringen van de middenstand, kleurlingen en joden, die geen toegang tot die elite hadden. Het belangrijkste resultaat dat Van den Bosch in Suriname wist te bereiken was de oprichting, tijdens zijn aanwezigheid in Paramaribo in 1828, van een Maatschappij ter Bevordering van het Godsdienstig Onderwijs onder de Slaven en Kleurlingen in de Colonie Suriname. In de praktijk betekende dit initiatief een effectieve strategie om de zwakke stemmen in Nederland vóór afschaffing van de slavernij tot zwijgen te brengen met een beroep op kerstening als voorwaarde voor emancipatie. Het politieke klimaat in Nederland veroorzaakte voor de slaven van Suriname en de Antillen een status quo, waarbij emancipatie naar een verre toekomst werd geschoven. De Maatschappij ter Bevordering van het Godsdienstig Onderwijs kreeg in 1829 een pendant in Nederland (in de wandeling de Haagsche Maatschappij genoemd), die qua organisatiestructuur sterk geleek op de Maatschappij van Weldadigheid. In tal van steden werd geld ingezameld onder vaste donateurs (vaak dezelfde mensen), die zich tevens konden abonneren op Berichten uit de Heidenwereld.
Net terug in Nederland benoemde de koning Van den Bosch nog in 1828 als gouverneur-generaal van Nederlandsch-Indië. Daar richtte Van den Bosch vanaf 1830 zijn beleid voor de derde keer in zijn loopbaan op de landbouwproduktie. De paternalistische dwang die ten grondslag lag aan de verkassing van armen en bedelaars uit de steden naar de landbouwkoloniën in Drenthe, verkeerde op Java in een stelsel van pure uitbuiting, ingegeven door een abstract staatsbelang en mogelijk ook door zijn persoonlijke ervaringen als grootgrondbezitter op Java. Nadat zijn bevoegdheden in 1833 door zijn benoeming als commissaris-generaal waren uitgebreid, slaagde hij er in korte tijd in om de koloniale begroting sluitend te maken door de invoering van het zogenoemde cultuurstelsel. Dit verplichtte de Javaanse boeren om een vijfde deel van hun landbouwgronden te bebouwen met exportgewassen, zoals koffie, suiker en indigo. In eerste instantie presenteerde Van den Bosch dit als voordelig voor zowel Nederland als de betrokken boeren, omdat in ruil voor de leveranties de grondrente zou worden afgeschaft. In de praktijk gebeurde dat laatste echter niet en werd het toezicht op de verplichte leveringen zo georganiseerd dat de boeren onder steeds grotere produktiedwang kwamen te staan. Van den Bosch combineerde de invoering van het cultuurstelsel met een doelgericht beleid ter bevordering van de fabrieksmatige katoenproduktie in Oost-Nederland, die mede tot doel had nieuwe werkgelegenheid te scheppen voor de groeiende onderklasse in de steden. Terug in Nederland, waar hij in 1834 minister van Koloniën werd, stelde hij steeds hogere eisen aan de financiële resultaten van Nederlandsch-Indië. Het beleid van Van den Bosch in Nederland, Suriname en Nederlandsch-Indië had telkens weer direct invloed op de levensomstandigheden van de meest kwetsbare groepen van de bevolking: van paupers in Hollandse steden, slaven op Surinaamse plantages en boeren in de Javaanse desa's. Het ging hem daarbij niet zozeer om individuele lotsverbetering, maar hij relateerde de belangen van deze naamloze massa's steeds aan het particuliere economische initiatief en het staatsbelang. Op het hoogtepunt van zijn loopbaan ging dat laatste voor hem zwaarder wegen dan de belangen van de landarbeiders en slaven. In 1839 accepteerde de Kamer niet langer de ondoorzichtigheid in het leningenbeleid tussen de overheid en de Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij, waarbij miljoenen uit de koloniale winsten heen en weer werden geschoven. Van den Bosch aanvaardde de verantwoordelijkheid en trad af als minister. In zijn laatste redevoering als minister verklaarde hij: 'Doet de bronnen van den kolonialen bloei opdroogen, en de welvaart van ons vaderland verschroeit, onze scheepvaart, onze thans zo bloeiende handel zinken in het niet terug, en vele voorname takken van ons volksbestaan gaan teniet'. Hij stond toen al ver af van zijn oorspronkelijk engagement bij verbetering van de landbouw als tweesnijdend zwaard dat zowel de omgeschoolde pauper als de natie ten goede kwam. In 1842 keerde hij terug als lid van de Tweede Kamer namens Zuid-Holland. Na een korte ziekte overleed hij in januari 1844. De herinnering aan Johannes van den Bosch als oprichter van de Maatschappij van Weldadigheid wordt levend gehouden in het hedendaagse bezoekerscentrum in Frederiksoord, waar computers toegang geven tot een database die de vele kolonisten van de Maatschappij van Weldadigheid met naam en toenaam traceerbaar maakt in archieven. Die archief-erfenis is een kenmerk van de grote projecten van Van den Bosch in Nederland, in de Oost (de boekhouding van het cultuurstelsel) en in de West (slavenregisters).
In 1827 haalde de koning Van den Bosch weg bij de Maatschappij van Weldadigheid, teneinde als commissaris-generaal de bestuurlijke controle vanuit Nederland over Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen te herstellen. In december 1827 arriveerde Van den Bosch op Curaçao. Na een tocht langs de andere eilanden kwam hij in april 1828 in Suriname aan. In augustus 1828 voer hij terug naar Nederland. In die acht maanden nam hij een aantal (weinig effectief gebleken) initiatieven inzake de handel en het bankwezen, gericht op vergroting van de economische bedrijvigheid en armslag van de koloniën. Het belangrijkst waren zijn pogingen in te grijpen in de verlopen bestuurlijke en sociale verhoudingen in Suriname, waarbij de kwestie van slavernij een voorname rol speelde. Van den Bosch had in 1818 in zijn Nederlandse bezittingen betoogd dat het verbod op slavenhandel een gunstig effect zou hebben op de levensomstandigheden van slaven, doordat men voorzichtiger met hen zou zijn, hen minder wreed zou behandelen en minder zwaar zou belasten. Ook zag hij een economisch gunstig effect. Om orde op zaken te kunnen stellen introduceerde Van den Bosch in juli 1828 in Suriname een 137 artikelen tellend Reglement op het beleid der regeering van de Nederlandsch West-Indische bezittingen (gedateerd 21 juli 1828). Het reglement verbond het bestuur van de kolonie expliciet aan de Nederlandse grondwet, stipuleerde gelijke burgerrechten voor alle vrijen, ongeacht godsdienst of kleur (artikel 116) en stelde dat de in Nederland geldende verordeningen over het armenwezen, onderwijs en kerkelijke zaken ook in de West-Indische bezittingen vorm moesten krijgen (artikel 111). Ten aanzien van het stelsel van slavernij als zodanig nam Van den Bosch een gematigd standpunt in, al greep hij het reglement aan om ook de positie van de slaven te verbeteren. Zo werd in artikel 117 bepaald dat slaven 'in rechten' niet langer als zaken zouden worden beschouwd maar als personen. Als mens verhielden slaven zich tot hun eigenaars als een onmondige tot een curator / voogd, die gemachtigd was vaderlijke tucht uit te oefenen. De overheid werd geacht misbruik en mishandeling van slaven tegen te gaan en de eigenaars hadden de plicht hun voeding, kleding en werktijden te verbeteren (artikelen 115 en 118). Zij kon echter niet verhinderen dat onwillige planters artikel 117 in 1832 weer afschaften. Van den Bosch' reglement werd geformuleerd in een periode, waarin vooral in Engeland de slavernij onder toenemende openbare kritiek kwam te staan. Daarbij kritiseerden J.G. Stedman en later C.E. Lefroy ook het gedrag van de slavenhoudende en bestuurlijke elite in Suriname. Van den Bosch aanvaardde het beschermheerschap van een Surinaamse Maatschappij van Weldadigheid, een initiatief uit kringen van de middenstand, kleurlingen en joden, die geen toegang tot die elite hadden. Het belangrijkste resultaat dat Van den Bosch in Suriname wist te bereiken was de oprichting, tijdens zijn aanwezigheid in Paramaribo in 1828, van een Maatschappij ter Bevordering van het Godsdienstig Onderwijs onder de Slaven en Kleurlingen in de Colonie Suriname. In de praktijk betekende dit initiatief een effectieve strategie om de zwakke stemmen in Nederland vóór afschaffing van de slavernij tot zwijgen te brengen met een beroep op kerstening als voorwaarde voor emancipatie. Het politieke klimaat in Nederland veroorzaakte voor de slaven van Suriname en de Antillen een status quo, waarbij emancipatie naar een verre toekomst werd geschoven. De Maatschappij ter Bevordering van het Godsdienstig Onderwijs kreeg in 1829 een pendant in Nederland (in de wandeling de Haagsche Maatschappij genoemd), die qua organisatiestructuur sterk geleek op de Maatschappij van Weldadigheid. In tal van steden werd geld ingezameld onder vaste donateurs (vaak dezelfde mensen), die zich tevens konden abonneren op Berichten uit de Heidenwereld.
Net terug in Nederland benoemde de koning Van den Bosch nog in 1828 als gouverneur-generaal van Nederlandsch-Indië. Daar richtte Van den Bosch vanaf 1830 zijn beleid voor de derde keer in zijn loopbaan op de landbouwproduktie. De paternalistische dwang die ten grondslag lag aan de verkassing van armen en bedelaars uit de steden naar de landbouwkoloniën in Drenthe, verkeerde op Java in een stelsel van pure uitbuiting, ingegeven door een abstract staatsbelang en mogelijk ook door zijn persoonlijke ervaringen als grootgrondbezitter op Java. Nadat zijn bevoegdheden in 1833 door zijn benoeming als commissaris-generaal waren uitgebreid, slaagde hij er in korte tijd in om de koloniale begroting sluitend te maken door de invoering van het zogenoemde cultuurstelsel. Dit verplichtte de Javaanse boeren om een vijfde deel van hun landbouwgronden te bebouwen met exportgewassen, zoals koffie, suiker en indigo. In eerste instantie presenteerde Van den Bosch dit als voordelig voor zowel Nederland als de betrokken boeren, omdat in ruil voor de leveranties de grondrente zou worden afgeschaft. In de praktijk gebeurde dat laatste echter niet en werd het toezicht op de verplichte leveringen zo georganiseerd dat de boeren onder steeds grotere produktiedwang kwamen te staan. Van den Bosch combineerde de invoering van het cultuurstelsel met een doelgericht beleid ter bevordering van de fabrieksmatige katoenproduktie in Oost-Nederland, die mede tot doel had nieuwe werkgelegenheid te scheppen voor de groeiende onderklasse in de steden. Terug in Nederland, waar hij in 1834 minister van Koloniën werd, stelde hij steeds hogere eisen aan de financiële resultaten van Nederlandsch-Indië. Het beleid van Van den Bosch in Nederland, Suriname en Nederlandsch-Indië had telkens weer direct invloed op de levensomstandigheden van de meest kwetsbare groepen van de bevolking: van paupers in Hollandse steden, slaven op Surinaamse plantages en boeren in de Javaanse desa's. Het ging hem daarbij niet zozeer om individuele lotsverbetering, maar hij relateerde de belangen van deze naamloze massa's steeds aan het particuliere economische initiatief en het staatsbelang. Op het hoogtepunt van zijn loopbaan ging dat laatste voor hem zwaarder wegen dan de belangen van de landarbeiders en slaven. In 1839 accepteerde de Kamer niet langer de ondoorzichtigheid in het leningenbeleid tussen de overheid en de Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij, waarbij miljoenen uit de koloniale winsten heen en weer werden geschoven. Van den Bosch aanvaardde de verantwoordelijkheid en trad af als minister. In zijn laatste redevoering als minister verklaarde hij: 'Doet de bronnen van den kolonialen bloei opdroogen, en de welvaart van ons vaderland verschroeit, onze scheepvaart, onze thans zo bloeiende handel zinken in het niet terug, en vele voorname takken van ons volksbestaan gaan teniet'. Hij stond toen al ver af van zijn oorspronkelijk engagement bij verbetering van de landbouw als tweesnijdend zwaard dat zowel de omgeschoolde pauper als de natie ten goede kwam. In 1842 keerde hij terug als lid van de Tweede Kamer namens Zuid-Holland. Na een korte ziekte overleed hij in januari 1844. De herinnering aan Johannes van den Bosch als oprichter van de Maatschappij van Weldadigheid wordt levend gehouden in het hedendaagse bezoekerscentrum in Frederiksoord, waar computers toegang geven tot een database die de vele kolonisten van de Maatschappij van Weldadigheid met naam en toenaam traceerbaar maakt in archieven. Die archief-erfenis is een kenmerk van de grote projecten van Van den Bosch in Nederland, in de Oost (de boekhouding van het cultuurstelsel) en in de West (slavenregisters).
Archief:
Persoonsarchief J. van den Bosch in Nationaal Rijksarchief , Tweede Afdeling (Den Haag).
Publicaties:
Brief,
inhoudende eenige onpartijdige aanmerkingen, op eene memorie, onlangs
in het licht verschenen, onder den titel van: Staat der Nederlandsche
Oostindische bezittingen, onder het bestuur van den gouverneur generaal
Herman Willem Daendels, ridder, luitenant-generaal, &c. in den jaren
1808-1811 (Den Haag 1815); De la Colonie de Frederiks-oord et
de ses moyens de subvenir aux besoins de l'indigence par le defrichement
des terres vagues et incultes (Gent 1821); Algemeen verslag wegens den staat der Maatschappij van Weldadigheid, harer kolonien, enz. (Den Haag 1827); Iets over de financiële aangelegenheden van het rijk (Den Haag 1840); Onderzoek
naar de beginselen, waaraan de bezuinigingen en hoogere belastingen,
aan de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal voor 1844 en 1845 voorgedragen,
behooren getoetst te worden, en naar doelmatige middelen, die deze
zouden kunnen vervangen (Den Haag 1843); Vervolg van het
onderzoek naar de beginselen, waaraan de bezuinigingen en hoogere
belastingen, aan de Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal voor 1844 en 1845
voorgedragen, behooren getoetst te worden, en naar doelmatige middelen,
die deze zouden kunnen vervangen (Den Haag 1843); Tweede
vervolg van het onderzoek naar de beginselen, waaraan de bezuinigingen
en hoogere belastingen behooren getoetst te worden, en naar doelmatige
middelen, die deze zouden kunnen vervangen (Den Haag 1844); Mijne
verrigtingen in Indië. Verslag over 1830-1833, waarin de grondslagen en
eerste uitkomsten van het kultuurstelsel vergeleken worden met de
vroeger gevolgde regeringsbeginselen, enz. (Amsterdam 1864); B. de Gaay Fortman (red.), Brieven
van den commissaris-generaal voor de (Nederlandsche) West-Indische
bezittingen, J. van den Bosch, aan den minister voor de marine en de
kolonien (1827-1829) (Utrecht 1930); J.J. Westendorp Boerma (red.), Briefwisseling tussen J. van den Bosch en J.C. Baud, 1829-1832 en 1834-1836 (Utrecht 1956) 2 delen; F.C. Gerretson, W.Ph. Coolhaas (red.), Particuliere
briefwisseling tussen J. van den Bosch en D.J. de Eerens, 1834-1840, en
enige daarop betrekking hebbende andere stukken (Groningen 1960); G.J.W. de Jongh, Beschrijving van een verzameling stukken afkomstig van Johannes van den Bosch en enige van zijn nakomelingen (Den Haag 1968); H. Peschar, Aanvulling op de inventaris van een verzameling stukken afkomstig van Johannes van den Bosch en enige van zijn nakomelingen (Den Haag 1977).
Literatuur:
A.J. van der Aa, Biografisch woordenboek der Nederlanden. Deel 2-II (Haarlem 1854) 1020-4; P. Merkus, Blik
op het bestuur van Nederlandsch-Indië onder den gouverneur-generaal Js.
van den Bosch, voor zoo ver het door denzelven ingevoerde stelsel van
cultures op Java betreft (Kampen 1835); J.K.W. Quarles van Ufford, 'J. Graaf van den Bosch' in: Nieuwenhuis' woordenboek van kunsten en wetenschappen. Deel 2 (Den Haag 1854); J. de Bosch Kemper, Geschiedenis van Nederland na 1830 (Amsterdam 1874); W. Roosenboom 'J. Graaf van de Bosch' in: P.C. Molhuyzen, P.J. Blok (red.), Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek. Deel 2 (Leiden 1912) kolom 221-7; Nederland's adelboek 1912 (Den Haag 1912) 348; J. Paulus, Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië. Deel I (Den Haag 1917) 383-4; P.A. van Toorenburg, Kinderrecht en kinderzorg in de laatste honderd jaren (Leiden 1918); J.J. Westendorp Boerma, Johannes van den Bosch als sociaal hervormer. De Maatschappij van Weldadigheid (Amsterdam 1927); J. de Loos-Haaxman, De landsverzameling schilderijen in Batavia. Landvoogdportretten en compagnieschilders (Leiden 1941); J.J. Westendorp Boerma, Een geestdriftig Nederlander. Johannes van den Bosch (Amsterdam 1950); J.M. Elliot red.), To Holland and new harmony. Robert Dale Owen's travel journal 1825-1826 (Indianapolis 1969); H. Gaillac, Les maisons de corrections, 1830 -1945 (Paris 1971); C.A. Kloosterhuis, De bevolking van de vrije koloniën der Maatschappij van Weldadigheid (Zutphen 1981); R. Berends e.a., Arbeid ter disciplinering en bestraffing. Veenhuizen als onvrije kolonie van de Maatschappij van Weldadigheid 1823-1859 (Zutphen 1984); J.J.H. Dekker, Straffen, redden en opvoeden (Assen 1985); Nederlands adelsboek, jrg. 80 (Den Haag 1989) 318-21; J.R. van der Zeijden, J. Hagen, Inventaris van de archieven van de Maatschappij van Weldadigheid 1818-1970 (Assen 1990); A. van Stipriaan, Surinaams contrast (Leiden 1991); S. Legêne, De
bagage van Blomhoff en Van Breugel. Japan, Java, Tripoli en Suriname in
de Nederlandse negentiende-eeuwse cultuur van het imperialisme (Amsterdam 1998); M. Letterie, Ver van huis (Amsterdam 1998; kinderboek).
4.Multatuli
- Multatuli , the pen name of Eduard Douwes Dekker , embarrassed watching extortion and persecution of the indigenous people by local authorities . For the Dutch , he also did not agree with the attitude of silence the Dutch colonial government 's tyranny .Multatuli was born in Amsterdam , Netherlands , March 2, 1820 . He has a sister named Jan , grandfather of Ernest Douwes Dekker ( Setiabudi ) . Father's merchant ship captain who earn enough . Therefore he could receive education up to university . Initially he was diligent school . But soon he was bored . His performance plummeted . His father was immediately out of school and put him in a trade office .At the age of 18, his father took him to the East Indies by sailing ship " Dorothe " . The ship was anchored in Batavia on January 4, 1839 . Eleven days later , he got a job as a clerk ( clerical level ) in Algemen Rekenkamer.Setahun then move up so the class II Commission .In 1842 , he worked as a civil service Ambtenaar in West Sumatra . West Sumatra Governor General Andreas Victor Michiels sent to the city of Natal as a controller ( superintendent , assistant resident notch below ) . He is happy with life in the remote town . But he was not happy with his duties . One time , my boss who perform inspection , found the presence of losses in the government treasury . He suspended .A year he lived in Padang without income . Eventually he returned to Batavia ; undergo rehabilitation and get " money waiting " . While waiting for placement , he having an affair with Everdine Huberte Cordial van Wijnbergen . In April 1846, he Tine - term gain Everdine - in Cianjur , when he was serving in the office of the Assistant Resident ambtenaarsementara Purwakarta .Career creeping up . In 1846 he was appointed as a permanent employee . He was promoted to Commissioner in the office of the Resident Purworedjo . Then Resident Johan George Stuart Otto von Schmidt auf Altenstadt appointed him secretary of the resident , before being moved to Manado . Peak , he became a resident assistant , the second highest position in the Dutch East Indies Ambtenaar , with assignments in Ambon . But he did not fit in with the Governor of Maluku , which makes his subordinates had no initiative . He also filed a leave of absence for health reasons and a vacation to the Netherlands with his wife .According Multatuli Moechtar in his book : Author Big , Small People Defenders , Justice and Truth Seekers (2005 ) , at the time that E. de Waal ( later became Colonial Regional Minister ) , who still have family with his wife , introduced by Governor General Duymaer van Twist . Since then , he often received an invitation from the palace and discuss with van Twist . Twist vans sympathetic . When a resident assistant positions vacant in Lebak , van Twist lifted on January 4, 1856 .In Lebak , he tried to carry out their duties properly . But he encountered a very bad situation in the Valley . The people are suffering due to the rules or herendienst peonage ( forced labor ) . The government is also running again Actively cultivation ( culture system ) . "The people of the Valley and surrounding areas in general are in a state of destitute and often arise petty rebellion . As a result, frequent arrests of population , torture , burning of villages , and massacres by the forces in power at that time , "wrote Moechtar .He was suspicious of the Regent of Lebak Raden Duke Kerta Natanegara . She filed a complaint about the actions Regent of Lebak and daughter , Raden Parungkujang Demat Wiranatakusuma . He also reports directly to the van Twist , which is regarded as his friend . To her surprise , van Kempen report it to the Raad van Indie ( Indian Council ) that he be fired .Decree of the Governor -General , dated March 23, 1856 No. . 30 , contains warning and dismissal Multatuli as a resident assistant and transfer to a lower-ranking Ngawi . He officially filed perngunduran itself on March 29, 1856 . The answer received five days later , 4 April 1856 .
5.Conrad Theodore van Deventer
Initiator of ethical politics , was born in the city of Dordrecht , the Netherlands , 29 September 1857 . His father is the director of Secondary School ( HBS ) in Dordrechat , where he also graduated from the school in 1875 . In van Deventer was also a student at the Faculty of Law, University of Leiden . In 1879 he obtained his doctorate in law with a dissertation that discusses the legal position of the colonies by the Dutch constitution .Armed with adequate educational background , in 1880 , van Deventer graduated groot - ambtenaars examen ( examination colonial officials ) and went to the Dutch East Indies . He worked as a judge until 1885 and became a lawyer in Semarang until 1897. Cases and cases of illegal opium rich Chinese heritage , gave him a hefty amount of income . According to historians Fasseur , it is also possible to give a sense of guilt . In 1897 he returned to the Netherlands .Experience in the Dutch East Indies encouraged to write articles in magazines de Gids ( 1899) which contains about why and what ethical politics . It offers three ways to raise the level of prosperity of the people ; namely education, emigration ( migration ) to reduce the population of Java , and the expansion of irrigation to increase the fertility of fields and raise food production . Although van Deventer writing rather boring , but the quick response and accept the idea of pragmatic and non - ideological , much less momentum coincides with the arrival of a new century and a new queen . Notion van Deventer received and opened by the Queen .Ethical politics continue to run even though there appeared criticism here . As a first step , the Commission established Minderewelvaart for the people of Java and Madura . At 1904 Conrad tabun Th . Van Deventer was appointed as Chairman of the Commission on Poverty and commissioned researching poverty in Java and Madura .Finally the concept of exploitation colonies were discontinued . In 1905, the Dutch East Indies government debt amounted to 40 million guilders declared a kingdom with debt provisions in subsequent years , the money will be paid in the form of efforts for the prosperity of the indigenous people.In 1902 , van Deventer was appointed editor of the magazine de Gids . Set of article three thick volumes published in Amsterdam in 1916 . At 1905-1909 , van Deventer became a member of parliament ( parliament ) and then became the Eerste Kamer ( Senate ) Netherlands . In 1913 , he was re- elected as members of parliament . He remains memprogandakan importance extension education to the children of Java , irrigation development , and implementation of transmigration from Java to Sumatra island called Hope .Van Deventer admire Thomas Stamford Raffles , governor of Java English general (1812-1816) who created the land tax and the author of History of Java ; van der Capellen (1825-1830) is known as a defender of the common people , and Fransenn van der Putte , minister of colonies (1870 ) that removes cultivation system and privatize land plantations in colonial . Although a large contribution to Indonesia , yet he was not a radical who opposed colonialism . He approved the continuation of the Aceh war to the death . Van Deventer was never require termination of the relationship between colonial and territorial integrity of the kingdom .
6.Van der Cappellen
Godert Alexander Gerard Philip, baron van der Capellen, (born Dec. 15, 1778, Utrecht, Neth.—died April 10, 1848, De Bilt), governor-general of the Dutch East Indies (1816–26) who helped draw up a new Dutch colonial policy for the Indies.
Van der Capellen first saw service in the Dutch judiciary and as minister of the interior (1809–10). As governor-general, he experienced.
Baron Joan Derk van der Capellen tot den Pol, from the Province of Overijssel, was without doubt one of the most important people in the Dutch Patriot Movement. He described himself as a "born regent", but that did not prevent him from being an ardent champion ot the Enlightenment ideals. As a member of the States of Overijssel he applied himself to the abolition of the so-called 'drostendiensten', which compelled the farmers of Overijssel to labour for a pittance a few days every year for the local magistrate, the Drost (bailiff). This relic from medieval times was wrongfully applied in Van der Capellen's opinion. In an address to the States in 1778, he pointed out that these rights had been officially abolished in 1631. He ensured his statement was distributed widely and free of charge among the farmers in the Twenthe region. In the end he won his case but his fellow members in the States excluded him from particpation in their deliberations until 1782. Previously, he had fallen foul of the Stadholder and the members of the States when he proclaimed himself against expansion of the army and the fleet. When in 1776 the British King asked the Dutch whether he could borrow the Scotch Brigade (a unit of mercenaries in Dutch service) to be deployed in the war with the American Republic, he voted against.
His overt support for the American revolutionaries was not appreciated either. Nevertheless, he continued to dedicate himself to the American War of Independence. He regarded the American struggle as an example for Dutch Patriots. To lend support to his views he translated Observations on civil liberty by the American Richard Price into Dutch. The book was an important inspiration to the American revolutionaries. The Dutch translation was banned in 1789, together with other patriot writings.
In 1780 Van der Capellen arranged a loan for the American cause. Eventually an amount of two hundred thousand guilders was raised. He contributed twenty thousand guilders himself.
The year 1781 was to be the most important in his political career. In that year a pamphlet appeared entitled "Aan het Volk van Nederland" ("To the People of the Netherlands"). In this anonymous pamphlet the disadvantages of the hereditary stadholderate were explained. It should be replaced by a democratic society, based on popular sovereignty. Within a month after publication the pamphlet was banned. Besides, a substantial reward was offered to whoever would report the author. In spite of these measures it was illegally reprinted and distributed three times, and even translated into French, English and German. It was to exert a lasting influence on the democratic movement in the Netherlands.
7. Willem Janssen
Gubernur jenderal di Hindia Belanda pengganti Daendels yang hanya sebentar saja berkuasa, satu tahun (1881). Ia merupakan mantan gubernur Cape Colong (Afrika Selatan). Janssens berkuasa disaat Inggris mulai mengancam kekuasaan. Baginya yang menjadi prioritas adalah menghadapi serangan Inggris yang sudah mendesak dan bukannya melanjutkan pembangunan istana yang telah dirintis Daendels untuk tempat tinggalnya.Pada Agustus 1811 Inggris benar-benar menyerang Batavia dengan dipimpin Letjen Sir Samuel Auchmuty sehingga pasukan Belanda-Perancis harus mundur ke Mesteer Cornelis. Pasukan Inggris meraih kemenangan setelah pertempuran di Meester Cornelis dan pasukan Janssens menyerah (26 Agustus 1811). Hal ini menjadi tanda dimulainya masa kolonialisme Inggris dari 1811-1816 di bawah Thomas Stamford Raffles.
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